Gilgamesh vs Bible - 1424 Words

Many of the same old past stories can be found in different cultures. Each story differs in some views but the general themes and the main idea these stories want to transmit to their people who believe in their own God can have striking similarities. That why the Epic of Gilgamesh compares to the Bible in many different ways and the epic also has an extraordinarily different perspective than the Bible does. Yet the Bible and Gilgamesh, story or truth, myth or religion, these are questions that are applied to the ancient epic of Gilgamesh. Interestingly, these same questions apply to another major? They were written many years ago, both with many different versions, and in different languages work, the Bible. While the Sumerians wrote†¦show more content†¦Enkidu is made in the image of Anu with one very important detail; he is mortal, which connects to Adam’s creation. Adam, made in the likeleness of God, is also mortal, though much like God. With the god-like image, both men are in tune with nature which could possibly be the ideal way of life for the writers of both works, explaining why both stories have these significant details. Again, stressing harmony in nature, Enkidu grows up in the wilderness. He â€Å"fed with the gazelles on the grass/with the wild animals he drank at waterholes† There seems to be a link here with the creation of Adam; at first, Adam is given dominance over the animals in the Garden of Eden (Gen 1:30). It is only later that this is gift is taken away from him, when he gains knowledge. Enkidu also gains knowledge, in the form of a woman’s love. After a courtesan lies with him, â€Å"the beasts of the wilderness fled from his body, † as if Enkidu is now too civilized and the animals sense it (Sin-Leqi-Unninni I, iv 25). Adam’s problem, stems from a woman: Eve tempts Adam to eat the forbidden fruit, which gives him knowledge, and as a punishment, God cast him out of Eden, separating him from nature (Genesis 3:17-24). While the use of a woman suggests evil rooting from females, as many myths and religions believe, the harmony with animals depicts how man came to dominate the earth. And we also see the difference of the two flood stories in Bible and in Gilgamesh. TheseShow MoreRelatedEssay on Epic of Gilgamesh971 Words   |  4 PagesTitle: Gilgamesh Type: Epic Author: Anonymous Theme: The central idea of Gilgamesh was the greed that he had to receive eternal life. Gilgamesh was a selfish person who was half god and half man and wanted to keep his youth after seeing Enkidu die. Gilgamesh knew his destiny was not to receive eternal life because he was half man. He decided to go against the odds to fight against not having eternal life searching for the secret despite what the Gods told him. Exposition: The storyRead MoreExamining the Different Versions of Epic of Gilgamesh861 Words   |  3 PagesSource 1 Abusch, T. (Oct-Dec 2001). The development and meaning of the Epic of Gilgamesh: An interpretive essay. Journal of the American Oriental Society, 121(4), 614-622. Type of Source Source 1 is a journal article paginated by volume. Summary This journal article examines 3 versions of the Gilgamesh Epic: the Old Babylonian version; the Eleven-Tablet version; and the Twelve-Tablet version. Though all 3 versions deal with the issues and choices of human beings and also with the inescapableRead MoreEssay on Popol Vuh vs. Gilgamesh861 Words   |  4 PagesPopol Vuh vs. Gilgamesh While the two texts Gilgamesh and Popol Vuh have many similarities, themes characters ect. I personally would not call the two texts similar. In my opinion for two texts to be similar they must poses similar general themes that apply to the entire text, not small themes that only apply to portions of the text. In other words I believe that two texts can have similar events, yet have completely different meanings. Popol Vuh and Gilgamesh actually had more similaritiesRead MoreEssay on Gilgamesh vs. Genesis1436 Words   |  6 PagesGilgamesh vs. Genesis In our society, which is overwhelmingly Judeo-Christian, students often find it difficult to compare Bible stories with tales from other cultures, because our own belief system is wrapped up in the prior, and it is hard for many of us to go against our traditional faith to evaluate them objectively. But in a comparison of the Biblical book of Genesis with the ancient Sumerian text, Epic of Gilgamesh, many parallels suggest that the same type of spiritualRead MoreCompare Contrast Gilgamesh and Beowulf1426 Words   |  6 PagesComparison and Contrast Essay Final Draft: Gilgamesh vs. Beowulf The epics of Beowulf and Gilgamesh are about a pair of heroes who had many common characteristics as well as characteristics that contradict one another. Beowulf is a Christian epic that roots from the Anglo Saxon culture. Throughout the plot, there are numerous biblical allusions. â€Å"Grendel who haunted the moors, the wild Marshes, and made his home in a hell not hell but earth. He was spawned in that slime, conceived by a pair ofRead MoreEssay on Noahs Ark vs. Gilgamesh Epic1552 Words   |  7 PagesNoahs Ark vs. Gilgamesh Epic   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Gilgamesh Epic is an ancient Mesopotamian story about life and the suffering one must endure while alive. Included in the story, is a tale of a great flood that covered the earth, killing all but a select few of it’s inhabitants. This story of a great flood is common to most people, and has affected history in several ways. It’s presence in the Gilgamesh Epic has caused many people to search for evidence that a great flood actually happened. It has alsoRead MoreThe Between Humans And The Gods1515 Words   |  7 Pagesfocuses most of their tales on a man named Gilgamesh. A king who reigned over the Sumerian city-state of Uruk. He was two thirds a god and one third a man and created by the god’s themselves to guide humans. The relationship between humans and the gods was complicated, the Gods come off as very powerful and interfere with the lives of humans as they chose, For example ,when people complain about Gilgamesh being a ruler who does not treat his people well â€Å" Gilgamesh sounds the tocsin for his amusement Read MoreBiblical Vs. Classical Phenomenon2078 Words   |  9 PagesBiblical vs. Classical Phenomenon Throughout the semester, we have analyzed various texts that constitute some of the most important publications in the history of humankind. These myths and legends are known as the oldest in centuries and possibly the first sight of written text that humans have encountered. Dating back to the times of traditional oral-based stories, texts such as The Epic of Gilgamesh have given humankind a sense of emergence in the old times of script and literature. The EpicRead MoreReligion Vs Ramayana1528 Words   |  7 Pages The Ramayana is one of the world’s oldest religious epics, dating back to roughly 7,000 B.C. and only first being written down around 500 B.C. Compare this to the Bible, in which scholars believe that writing began for the Old Testament around 5,000 B.C. Both of these texts have been continually updated since their respective creations. Since the Ramayana was first only an oral story, it continually went through progressive changes, with its first written incarna tion taking place around 500 B.CRead More The Mythology of Star Wars Essay494 Words   |  2 Pageson Earth. Even as George Lucas has explained as the reason why he created Star Wars, I wanted to make a kids film that would strengthen contemporary mythology and introduce a kind of basic morality (Pollock I44). Introduction: Science Fiction Vs. Myth In 1977, George Lucas created a film that so inspired the public, its name is commonplace to, not just the United States, but several countries of the world. Spending over three years developing this tale, Lucas did what most people wouldnt

Frankenstein, By Mary Shelley - 1325 Words

I have been informed that you are pushing to remove the book Frankenstein by Mary Shelley from the school curriculum. I’ve decided to write to you and explain why I believe that you are misinformed, and in fact, why this is a huge importance to the students of today. Frankenstein is a classic which recounts the life and horrors of Victor Frankenstein, as told through a series of letters and narrations. His obsession with the natural world and science brings him to a state of mind which ultimately ends in the creation of his â€Å"monster†, that, in turn, destroys Victor and everything he holds dear. This book has been banned in the South African apartheid in 1995 for being â€Å"objectionable, obscene, and indecent,† along with other classical works as well. There was a large amount of controversy in the United States for it going against some people’s religion, as Victor could be seen as having God-like tendencies, for example, him creating life. I truly believe that Frankenstein should be kept on the shelves because this book is a prominent part of the modern world, even after 200 years, and it’s important to know where so much of today’s horror and sci-fi has taken it’s inspiration from, while simultaneously providing insightful lessons on morals and various themes, including creation, and the power of nature. To go into further detail, Frankenstein explores the theme of man vs. monster, and what it truly means to be human. Parts of the book are narrated by the nameless creatureShow MoreRelatedFrankenstein, By Mary Shelley1650 Words   |  7 Pagesbook of Frankenstein does one just think of a mythical science fiction book that really has no meaning? Frankenstein can have numerous meanings depending on how a person perceives it. Frankenstein can be analyzed into many themes; some say religion, feminism, or scientific symbolization, it all depends on ones own perception. When one analyzes further into Mary Shelly’s life and then interprets the novel it is obvious that is a sociological theme. One can simply assume that Mary Shelley creates FrankensteinRead MoreFrankenstein by Mary Shelley1093 Words   |  4 Pagesfaster than man can contend with. That argument is the premises, moral, and plot base for Mary Shelleys tale Frankenstein. On the other hand, J. Michael Bishops, essay Enem ies of Promise   on the other hand promotes and boast sciences achievements. However, Mary Shelley presents her point of view subtly yet very dramatically, which is much more effective than that of J. Michael Bishop. The dramatic story Shelley creates becomes a part of the reader, therefore holding the readers attention. ShelleysRead MoreMary Shelley Frankenstein859 Words   |  4 Pages Mary Shelley The Creature in Mary Shelley’s â€Å"Frankenstein or the Modern Prometheus† needs a companionship as every ordinary human. Every man needs a woman, who will able to share moments of happiness and sadness, a woman who will be able to share thoughts and of course a woman who will be able to love a man. In this case the Creature needs a bride. But the problem is that the Creature from the â€Å"Frankenstein or the Modern Prometheus† is not a human. SoRead MoreFrankenstein, by Mary Shelley1138 Words   |  5 PagesIs Frankenstein a man, whose ambition led to a disaster; or a monster, which created a life with disregard for the human race? Frankenstein, in my opinion, was the monster not the life that he had created. Frankenstein never admitted to his family what he had done, never admitted responsibility for his actions. He might as well have killed Elizabeth, William, Justine, and Clerval with his own hand. The so called â€Å"Monster† only wanted companionship; he did not want to murder those people. TheRead MoreFrankenstein, By Mary Shelley1580 Words   |  7 PagesFrankenstein by Mary Shelley is a sci-fi novel written during the Romantic Movement in Britain’s early nineteenth century. The movement was stimulated by the French Revolution, Industrial Revolution and in reaction against the emphasis on reason in eighteenth-century Enlightenment philosophy (The Romantic Movement, 2014). Mary Shelley’s husband, Percy Shelley was also a romantic poet during the movement. Shelley’s novel is evidently influenced by her relationship with her husband, which is illustratedRead MoreFrankenstein by Mary Shelley739 Words   |  3 Pagesinterconnections of humanity, nature, and divinity (â€Å"Romanticism 1†). English Romanticism being trendy in Europe, people would vent their outlooks onto their personal fiction works such as Mary Shelley. Shelley uses vivid creativity and romantic elements to create one of her admired novels, Franken stein. In Shelley’s novel, Frankenstein, most of the characters prove their compassion for mankind, prove their rejection of technology and science, and prove their involvement in a romantic quest. These several characteristicsRead MoreFrankenstein, By Mary Shelley1040 Words   |  5 Pages In 1818, a book titled Frankenstein was published anonymously, mysteriously dedicated to William Godwin, a prominent journalist and political philosopher of his time. The immediate reviews of the novel were mixed, most edging towards critical, although no one knew who the book was written by. However, while Frankenstein failed to gain popularity immediately, no one had any idea the lasting impact this novel would have on the world. Despite the lukewarm reception at its debut, it soon proved to beRead MoreFrankenstein, by Mary Shelley1078 Words   |  5 PagesMary Shelley’s Frankenstein has undoubtedly withstood the test of time. Frankenstein’s direct association with fundam ental Gothic literature is extremely renowned. However, the novel’s originality is derived from the foundational thematic values found within the relationship (or lack there of) between Victor Frankenstein and the monster he had created, in combination with a fascinatingly captivating plot. Understandably, Frankenstein can often be associated with a multitude of concepts; however,Read MoreFrankenstein, By Mary Shelley1532 Words   |  7 PagesLike any author, especially one who created a new genre, there will be criticism, and Shelley is no exception. Shelley received criticism surrounding Frankenstein not only because she was a female writer, but because of her writing style. Originally, Frankenstein was published anonymously and was thought that her husband, Percy Shelley, wrote it (â€Å"Mary Shelley Biography† 2016). Shelley may have published Frankenstein anonymously because â€Å"’women understood that they got a â€Å"better hearing† if it was th oughtRead MoreFrankenstein by Mary Shelley1223 Words   |  5 Pagesto have multiple narrators telling a story? In Mary Shelley’s gothic novel, Frankenstein, three main narrators tell the story about the creation of a monster and the events that follow. The job of narrator shifts between Robert Walton, Victor Frankenstein, and the monster that Victor creates. As each narrator shares his own recollection of the events that occurred, new facts are introduced to put the pieces of the puzzle together. Although Frankenstein uses multiple narrators to tell the story, it

Discussion on Restraints of Trade free essay sample

Law of Contract| A discussion on the Restraint of Trade|| Introduction Business owners in an attempt to protect the goodwill of their business will often include â€Å"Restraint of trade† provision in employment agreements, sale of business agreements etc. Thus, an agreement, which someone is restricted in his freedom to carry on his trade, profession, business or other economic activity, is generally called an agreement in restraint of trade. Having said that, this paper is directed towards a brief and critical discussion on the concept of restraint of trade in which parties may find themselves. It is based on a given scenario whereby the facts, the legal issues, legal principles, and application of the law to the facts would be discussed in the form of advice to Y jeopardise Facts The facts to the case are as follows: X an estate agents company, sought to restrain its former employee Y (who had worked very successfully for X for approximately 3years as an estate agent) from doing business on her own as an estate agent in the city of Windhoek. The restraint clause was in the form of a written contract of employment. The restraint contract prevented Y from being involved in any way whatsoever in an estate agency or any business which was the same or similar to X’s estate agents company. Y was limited as to geographic area within 65 kilometres from Windhoek General Post Office, which also includes six other municipalities for a period of 2 years following the termination of Y’S employment as an employee. Legal Issues * Is there a legitimate interest of the employer (X) that deserves protection at the termination of the employment agreement by Y? * Whether the restraint is reasonable or not? Whether the use of Y’s general skills and knowledge would be in breach of the restraint of trade agreement, which Y knowingly signed? * Is it legal to have restrain clause in an employment contract? * What is the longest period that it can be applied to? Discussion Legal principles: From a common law perspective, the employment contract is a contract concluded between two equal parties to t heir mutual benefit. Here, the employer and employee voluntarily negotiate a contract that regulates their relationship, and this contract sets out their respective rights and duties. Restraints in trade are commonly found in employment contracts whereby employees have a right in protecting themselves against competition from their employees during the employment relationship and after when the employment relationship is terminated for whatever reason. The objective of such a restrictive provision in the contract of employment is to limit the freedom of employees who would otherwise have to leave their employment and start a new business or work for another employer in competition with a former employer. The Appellate Division has described the objects and purpose of a restraint of trade clause as follows: â€Å"The legitimate object of a restraint is to protect the employer’s goodwill and customer connections (or trade secrets) and the restraint accordingly remains effective for a specified period (which must be reasonable) after the employment relationship has come to an end. The need for the protection exists therefore independently of the manner in which the contract of employment is terminated and even if this occurs in consequence of a breach by the employer. An employee has an obligation in an employment contract to protect confidential information and trade secrets. The employee also has a duty to serve the interests of the employers’ business and a duty to avoid conflicts of interests. Confidential information and trade secrets are dependent upon relevant circumstances. The mere fact that a trader chooses to categorise something secret or confidential does not per se make it so. The information concerned must have the necessary quality of confidence, eaning it must not be something of public knowledge. Employees may use general skills and knowledge gained during employment once they leave, even if their new employer benefits from such knowledge and skills. It is an implied term of every contract that an employee will not use confidential information for his own benefit or for the detriment of his or her employer. The principle of freedom of trade emphasises the right to work and therefore contracts that restricts a person’s right to exercise his chosen vocation are unreasonable. The principle of freedom to contract emphasises that parties should be free to enter into contracts that should be binding in accordance with the pacta servanda sunt principle in order that society may function properly. Restraint of Trade within the employment context is lawful as long as the extents of the limitation they impose is reasonable and are not against public policy. Societal concerns such as public interest are of essence in restraints of trade. If the restraint is to as restrictive of one of the parties as to conflict with public interest, it is then illegal and unenforceable. The burden of proof is on the party (Y) who alleges that the contract is in unreasonable restraint of trade and this question of fact in the scenario taking in account the circumstances at the time when enforcement is sought. In the case of Magna Alloys and Research (SA) (Pty) Ltd v Ellis it was found that sanctity of a contract had greater precedent and that undertakings in restraint of trade were prima facie valid and unforeseeable unless the party seeking to avoid its obligations could show that restraint of trade was contrary to public interest. Employers must also ensure that the duration of a restraint of trade is not excessively long and must have some connection with the period of the employees’ employment. The geographic demarcation must be reasonable and should have some connection with the area in which the employee will be operational. For the employee concerned, concluding a restraint of trade agreement on occasion has some form of financial advantage. The employee can be remunerated at a higher level during the course of employment or the employee can receive monetary compensation Common misconceptions in respect of restraint of trade * Restraint of trade agreements are no longer enforceable i (hereinafter referred to as the Constitution) which provides that every citizen have the right to choose their trade, occupation or profession freely. * A restraint of trade is only enforceable if the employee is paid a restraint payment * Clauses in an employment agreement protecting the employer’s confidential information, trade secrets, intellectual property, and preventing an employee from soliciting customers or fellow employees, are also restraints in trade. Employees within the organisation must be requested to sign a restraint of trade agreement * If the employer unlawfully or unfairly terminates your employment agreement, then the restraint of trade becomes unforceable. Application 0f the law to the facts X is allowed to insert a restraint of trade clause in Y’s contract of employment. The restraint of trade should however be reasonable, as it shou ld not be against public interest. Strangely, Restraint of Trade Agreements are not regulated in terms of labour legislation, although such agreements usually form part of the Contract of Employment. X required Y to sign a Restraint of Trade agreement cause X felt it was necessary to restrain Y or limit her in her employment activities should she leave the service of her employer X. With regard to Y wanting to start his own business, the law clearly makes provision in the sense that when an employee (Y) is brought into close contact with the customers of X in such a way that it enabled Y to establish personal relations with the customers. (Y) Chose to leave her employment, Y may be allowed to take away some customers from her former employer X. In the case of Roffey v Catterall , Edwards Goudre the law preferred the sanctity and freedom of contracts in the sense that the certain basic rights can only be effectively exercised if the particular person can freely conclude agreements. The courts are usually less likely upholding a restraint between an employee and employer, because an employee restraint is effectively preventing an employee from working in his or her chosen field. If the restraint were too restrictive on Y, then the restraint would be against public interest thus it might be declared as being illegal and unreasonable. In J Louw and Co (Pty) Ltd v Richter, 26 Didcott J stated that: â€Å"covenants in restraint of trade are valid. Like all other contractual stipulations, however, they are unenforceable when, and to the extent that, their enforcement would be contrary to public policy. It is against public policy to enforce a covenant, which is unreasonable, one, which unreasonably restricts the covenanter’s freedom to trade, or to work. Insofar as it has that effect, the covenant will not therefore be enforced. Whether it is indeed unreasonable must be determined with reference to the circumstances of the case. † This requirement arose where the X needed to protect his economic interests, trade secrets, secret formulas, price lists, customer database information, and so on. In other words, he needed to take certain action to ensure that such information will not fall into the hands of a competitor, should Y leave his service and take up employment with a competitor or start his own business. By analysing X’s intention one is able to pin-point out that X’s restriction is intended to exclude competition from Y as there are already over 20 other businesses that are already operating as estate agents in Windhoek. It usually takes 2-3 months to sell a house in Windhoek. Thus X is not really protecting his legitimate interest, thus it is also against the public interest. With regard to the geographic condition laid out in the clause, it is unreasonable for X to enforce such a restraint on Y. The operation of the restraint in the area of 65 kilometres from Windhoek General Post Office covers six other municipalities. The other six municipalities are not in connection with the area that the X operates in, thus it is unreasonable for X wanting to apply the clause on Y. The duration of the restraint of trade must not be overly long and must have some connection with the period of the connection with the period of the employee’s employment. This period will not be allowed to exceed 2 years. The restraint with regard to Y is for two years upon termination of Y’s employment from X and Y has worked for X for approximately 3 years. Thus, the period is reasonable, as the restraint is less than the number of years Y worked for X. Conclusion In conclusion, in accordance to the law that people are free to trade and conclude contracts Y is therefore allowed to contract or start up her business or perform the occupation of despite it being in competition with her former employer, X. Allowing the restraint will prevent Y from performing her will of trade . Therefore, that Y is free to contract with whomever and whenever after the lapsing of his contract with his former employer, X. References Articles * Deloitte and Touche. Common Misconceptions about Restraints of Trade. 2004 Books * Basic Principles of Law A2vb. Institute of South Africa * Deeksha Bhana. 2007. Students guide to the law of contract. Juta Co. Cape Town, South Africa * Van der Merwe. 2007. Contract General Principles 3rd Edition. Juta Co, Ltd. Cape Town, South Africa . Case Law * J Louw Co ( Pty) Ltd v Richter. 243 * Magna Alloys Research ( SA) Pty Ltd v Ellis 1984 (4) SA 8861 * Reeves v Marfield Insurance Brokers CC 1996 (3) SA * Roffey v Catletral l, Edwards Goudre 1977 (4) 494 (N) 505F * Sunshine Records (Pty) Ltd v Froling 1990 (4) SA 782 1 ]. Van der Merwe p212 [ 2 ]. Van der Merwe p212 213 [ 3 ]. Reeves v Marfield Insurance Brokers CC 1996 (3) SA 766 (A) 772 [ 4 ]. Law of Contract Study guide p102 [ 5 ]. Basic Principles of law A2vb. Institute of Bankers in South Africa p72 [ 6 ]. 1984(4) SA 874 (A) 894 [ 7 ]. Sunshine Records ( Pty) Ltd v Froling 1990 (4) SA 782 [ 8 ]. Deloitte Touche Legal. Common Misconceptions about Restraints of Trade. 2004 [ 9 ]. 1977 (4) 494 ( N) 505F [ 10 ]. Magna Alloys Research (SA) (Pt y) Ltd v Ellis 1984 (4) SA 8861 [ 11 ]. J Louw and Co (Pty) Ltd v Richter 243

Public funding of the arts Essay Example For Students

Public funding of the arts Essay If art is publicly funded, censorship should be allowed. Artists should be allowed to create anything their heart desires even if it offends people however, if their art is being funded by a public source the first amendment should no longer apply and the art should be created in a way that the general society sees fit and is not offended by. This is a matter of great debate and one of the biggest issues is who decides if the art is appropriate. The united States Government is by no means required to use tax payer money to fund the expression Of the arts, but once the government funds a program they are not allowed to withdraw funding if they disagree With the art being shown. This rule essentially bans the government from applying any censors on the art shown in these programs. Basically once the government decides to fund a program of the arts they are required to stand by their decision under U. S. Law. Also the government is not allowed to push their viewpoints onto biblically funded programs. As stated by the National Coalition Against Censorship, public funding for the arts does not low the government to play the role of censor. (Kenilworth). Prohibiting the government to make any sort of decision of the art they fund is a flawed system and there needs to be some sort of retort such as having elected members of a committee determine which art is appropriate, but also have a set of checks and balances in place to prevent corruption It is true that if the government does not like certain pieces of art they have no obligation to fund it in the first place, but once a program gets backed by the government basically has free reign to Penn the tax payers money however they want. This can turn into a very large issue. For example, in 1989 protests erupted over an exhibit in which an artist who Vass receiving money from the government displayed a piece of art in which he submerged Jesus Christ on a Crucifix in his own urine. The aptly named Pips Christ was one of many disgusting and sometimes disturbing pieces that went under review in a 1989 Supreme Court case. (Squiggly). In this court case the government attempted to completely cut funding for the National Endowment or the Arts if they continued to allow pornographic material or material that is shocking by any standards to be paid for by tax payer money. A bill was ultimately passed that banned NEE funding for materials that may be considered obscene. This was a huge improvement in an otherwise unrestrictive and very controversial program for decades. However, this bill does not guarantee that obscene material will not get funded. As many artists find loopholes by claiming their work has artistic value, Although the government has made great strides in stringing pay for shocking material, somebody always finds a way to have their vulgar and disgusting material funded, There is great debate on how to define their work as having no artistic value. The Miller Test, Created after a supreme court case in 1971 has a three pronged system that tries to classify which art should be prohibited. Whether the average person, applying contemporary community standards (not national standards, as some prior tests required), would find that the work, taken as a whole, appeals to the prurient interest; whether the work depicts or describes, in a patently offensive way, sexual conduct or excretory functions specifically defined by applicable state law; whether the work, taken as a whole, lacks serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value (Miller V. .ue5f6c73c08e1ca07d4b982e3d059b904 , .ue5f6c73c08e1ca07d4b982e3d059b904 .postImageUrl , .ue5f6c73c08e1ca07d4b982e3d059b904 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue5f6c73c08e1ca07d4b982e3d059b904 , .ue5f6c73c08e1ca07d4b982e3d059b904:hover , .ue5f6c73c08e1ca07d4b982e3d059b904:visited , .ue5f6c73c08e1ca07d4b982e3d059b904:active { border:0!important; } .ue5f6c73c08e1ca07d4b982e3d059b904 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue5f6c73c08e1ca07d4b982e3d059b904 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue5f6c73c08e1ca07d4b982e3d059b904:active , .ue5f6c73c08e1ca07d4b982e3d059b904:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue5f6c73c08e1ca07d4b982e3d059b904 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue5f6c73c08e1ca07d4b982e3d059b904 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue5f6c73c08e1ca07d4b982e3d059b904 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue5f6c73c08e1ca07d4b982e3d059b904 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue5f6c73c08e1ca07d4b982e3d059b904:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue5f6c73c08e1ca07d4b982e3d059b904 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue5f6c73c08e1ca07d4b982e3d059b904 .ue5f6c73c08e1ca07d4b982e3d059b904-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue5f6c73c08e1ca07d4b982e3d059b904:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The human race has advanced over many years, and during this time, moral standards have developed EssayCalifornia). This System has successfully made it easier to prevent shocking or pornographic material from being biblically funded and although it has its flaws it has not only saved the taxpayers paying for this material, it has also made the definition of obscene art a little less vague. The debate on Whether or not the government is allowed to censor art is an ongoing one, but it is safe to say that the majority of tax payers do not want to see their money wasted on things such as Pips Jesus. Ultimately what deems a piece of art to be classified as too obscene or shocking is a matter of opinion and that is exactly why this problem will arise in the future. Common sense should be the deciding factor, if general society protests a piece of art or the art is made just for the purpose of pushing the boundaries of the law it should not be funded by the government.

Influences on Designers Mies Van Der Rohe and Breuer free essay sample

I will deliver an examination of their most famous designs, by considering three major themes: rejection of ornamentation, truth to materials, and form follows function. Finally, I will include a consideration of the influence of Mart Stam’s designs on the practitioners work. Together, this will account for my analysis of how external social and economic factors, shared experiences, and common influences, are reflected in the shared features of Breuer’s and Mies van der Rohe’s designs and to what extent they contributed to the shaping of modernism in Europe in the 1920’s. Therefore, how these came to become what could now be referred as modern design. The term modern is very abstract and has been defined in many different ways. For the purpose of this essay, the term concerns a design perspective: an embrace of utopian ideas in a desire to create a better world; through machinery, new technologies, and the unity of the arts . We will write a custom essay sample on Influences on Designers Mies Van Der Rohe and Breuer or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Context and life of practitioners In the 1920’s, Europe was in a post World War 1 situation. New social and economic trends led to a reorganization of civilization: buildings, offices, streets and many cars now governed the city . The breakthrough of machinery and technological development created a desire for progress, which led to a strong preoccupation with efficiency and competence. This encouraged major advances in the design field. It is in this time that practitioners Breuer and Mies van der Rohe were in their most significant professional years as designers and architects. The shared involvements in the practitioner’s lives have significant influences in their designs. Both were associated with the Bauhaus; an iconic Avant-Garde design school in Germany. Breuer was a student who then became a teacher between 1920 and 1928, while Mies van der Rohe was appointed director in 1930 until 1933. The Bauhaus education encouraged geometrical approaches to design, material investigation, craftsmanship, and involving art in the industry. All these ideas shaped what modernism became. It is also noteworthy to mention the recent past was a critical factor contributing to the popularity of Breuer’s and Mies van der Rohe’s designs. Prior to the 1920’s, many styles, such as Art Nouveau, the Arts and Crafts, Eclecticism, had recently been revived from the past. Struggling for acceptance in an unstable time in Europe, they had not lasted long. This should be accounted for as a big reason why the modern designs became so successful in the 1920’s; society was in need of uniformity; ‘comfort, luxury, status and security’. Moreover, both practitioners were not only designers but also experienced in the architectural field, which allowed them to take radical steps forwards in structure and design. Both practitioners were majorly influential on the international style in architecture, which was a movement that embraced very similar ideals as modernism. By next addressing three key modernist themes, and by also examining the accompanying images, why and how modernism followed such ideals will be further explained. Rejection of Ornamentation As mentioned, the advance in machinery and technology had created a desire for progress, and people were now preoccupied with productivity. This is why the modernists rejected unnecessary decoration. The idea that ‘less is more’ pushed designers into new ways; with his B 64 (Image 1), Breuer chose to combine tubular steel with a wooden frame for the seat and back of his chair. The choice of using only the essential materials to create a bold, unconventional structure made this one of the most well-known chairs in the world. He also came up with the B 32; an alternative design of this chair, with no armrest to suit other preferences. Breuer also created the B 3 (Image 2); a design that minimised the usual heavy armchair into its most vital features, while keeping its function and commodity with this clean geometrical design. ‘Truth to materials’ Although a rejection to ornamentation had been taken, it did not mean that pleasing aesthetics were ignored. Designers chose to take a brave path of making objects that shone through their bare appearance and intention. By doing this, they were incorporating art into the industry. Breuer’s design of the steel armchair (Image 2); was the first chair to be made with tubular steel as its frame material; a revolutionary advance in furniture design. This revealed the honest and true nature of the materials; the tubular steel and polished yarn fabric gave this piece lightness, resistance, and hygienic features. The fabric was positioned to avoid the user’s contact with the coolness of the steel, which additionally highlighted the geometrical look. With this, Breuer was also accomplishing a celebration of industrial imagery. ‘Form follows function’ ‘Form follows function’ incorporates the previous two themes in itself; design must be in direct consequence of a need. MR 20 (Image 4) shows the semi-circled-shaped front legs of Mies van der Rohe’s design. With this particular feature, he was able to achieve the springy feature of the chair, which was further enhanced by the bendy properties of the tubular steel. The design followed the need, whilst maintaining a neat and well-constructed frame. It gave the user a comfortable and luxurious product. Mies van der Rohe’s well-known Barcelona Chair (Image 3) had a scissor-like structure, which gave the chair stability, while maintaining a luxurious and minimal look. The chrome polished steel was again very appealing in a geometrical and unconventional way. It shows an embrace of innovation. Contextual factors are a big influence on practitioners’ designs. However, the influence of other designers’ work should also be noted. For example; Dutch designer Mart Stam’s cantilevered design. As previously mentioned, Breuer introduced tubular steel into home furnishing in 1925 with his Wassily Armchair (Image 2). In 1926, however, Mart Stam introduced his W1 chair (Image 5); (made also of tubular steel), a cantilevered design with no back legs, which allowed for the tubular steels properties to be fully taken advantage of. After this particular property of tubular steel had been introduced, designers began thinking along similar lines. Considering these facts, it can be said that both Mies van der Rohe and Breuer were influenced and predisposed to go along similar lines as Mart Stam. In 1928, Breuer came up with the B 64 Cesca chair (Image 1), which was criticised as being too similar to Stam’s W1. Breuer claimed to having had already come up with the concept. However, in exhibition ‘Die Wohnung’ in 1927, he had seen Mies van der Rohe’s cantilevered MR 20 (Image 4). As to Mies van der Rohe, in a meeting with Stam in 1926, Stam had sketched his design of a chair with no back legs. Over that sketch, Mies van der Rohe drew a curve that altered the legs of the chair, which gave birth to the MR 20 (Image 4). In a desire to create a better world, Marcel Breuer’s and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe’s designed some of the most iconic modernist chairs in the world. External factors played a major role in their inspiration; social and economic issues, shared experiences, and common influences, which is why there are so many similarities in their designs. Since they were not the only popular chair designers of the 1920’s, it cannot be said that they alone shaped modernism. Nonetheless, Their designs were innovative, and always in direct consequence of a need – which is why they were majorly influential in the development of the essence of modern design. Word Count: 1618 Bibliography Boyd, Michael and Gabrielle (1998).

FAQs About Purchasing and Maintaining a Chainsaw

FAQs About Purchasing and Maintaining a Chainsaw Small chainsaws  are commonly purchased by rural property owners, tree and timber owners, firewood users and farmers. Often, a new chainsaw owner can become frustrated at the learning curve associated with chainsaw ownership. Here are answers to many questions asked by people planning to buy and operate a chainsaw. This Frequently Asked Questions page is for the new chainsaw owner and addresses the most common concerns about purchasing and maintaining a chainsaw. How to Select a New Chainsaw You should buy only the chainsaw you feel comfortable with. Chainsaw manufacturers are using newer  and lighter materials to build more powerful but durable machines.   Where to Purchase Most foresters and loggers agree and suggest purchasing chainsaws like Stihl, Jonsered or Husqvarna with strong local dealers.  Any reputable brand of chainsaw you purchase with a local dealership servicing that brand can last a long time. How to Learn Operating One There are many great resources on the Internet that can help you operate your saw. The best way is  to place it on flat ground, pull the start control to the on position, and hold the front handle with your left hand as you place your right foot on the rear handle. Make sure to safely review hazards before operating a chainsaw. According to saw expert Carl Smith: If you place your hands on a chainsaw, you must keep in mind that it is like grabbing  a hand grenade without a pin in it. It is very likely to go off in your face. From the moment that you take it out of storage to the time that it goes back to the same place, you can be hurt by either it, or by whatever you will be cutting. Chainsaw Kickbacks and Prevention One in every 12 timbering accidents is caused by chainsaw kickback. If a professional tree feller is at risk, it can definitely happen to a less experienced chainsaw user.  The main focus is to be aware and alert and always wear chainsaw safety clothing. Notice the position of the chainsaw bars nose and chains. Chainsaw Protection Equipment Wearing the proper clothing is one of the best safeguards for you to reduce the possibility of serious injury. Wear sturdy, snug-fitting clothing that gives you complete freedom of movement. The Most Important Parts of a Chainsaw OSHA requires you to have  10 parts on a chainsaw including the chain catcher, flywheel, and the clutch. It is also wise to not buy a  chainsaw bar  thats too short for your average trunk or limb diameter. Mixing Oil With Gas All 2-cycle engines require gas to be mixed with oil. The oil tank is for bar and chain lubricant. Additionally, you really do need to use a quality bar oil as your chainsaw bar oil rather than regular motor oil. This is because the bar and chain oil have a high-tack additive that prevents it from slinging off the chain as it travels. Chainsaw Chipper Vs. Chisel Chain A chipper is a round tooth, round filled chain. It maintains its edge better in dirty cutting. The chisel chain is a square tooth, often ground round and older in design. Filing a Chain When the chips it cuts are no longer chips but dust, or when you have to physically push or force it to cut, you need to sharpen your chain. Depth Gauge Depth gauges are the metal point in front of each tooth on a chainsaw chain. They determine how large a chip the tooth can be taken by the cutter.

Guidelines for Revising a Composition

Guidelines for Revising a Composition Revision  means  looking again  at what we have written to see how we can improve it. Some of us start revising as soon as we begin a rough  draftrestructuring and rearranging sentences as we work out our ideas. Then we return to the draft, perhaps several times, to make further revisions. Revision as Opportunity Revising is an opportunity to reconsider our topic, our readers, even our purpose for writing. Taking the time to rethink our approach may encourage us to make major changes in the content and structure of our work. As a general rule, the best time to revise is not right after youve completed a draft (although at times this is unavoidable). Instead, wait a few hourseven a day or two, if possiblein order to gain some distance from your work. This way youll be less protective of your writing and better prepared to make changes.   One last bit of advice: read your work aloud when you revise. You may hear problems in your writing that you cant see. Never think that what youve written cant be improved. You should always try to make the sentence that much better and make a scene that much clearer. Go over and over the words and reshape them as many times as is needed.(Tracy Chevalier, Why I Write. The Guardian, Nov. 24, 2006) Revision Checklist Does the essay have a clear and concise main idea? Is this idea made clear to the reader in a thesis statement early in the essay (usually in the introduction)?Does the essay have a specific purpose (such as to inform, entertain, evaluate, or persuade)? Have you made this purpose clear to the reader?Does the introduction create interest in the topic and make your audience want to read on?Is there a clear plan and sense of organization to the essay? Does each paragraph develop logically from the previous one?Is each paragraph clearly related to the main idea of the essay? Is there enough information in the essay to support the main idea?Is the main point of each paragraph clear? Is each point adequately and clearly defined in a topic sentence and supported with specific details?Are there clear transitions from one paragraph to the next? Have key words and ideas been given proper emphasis in the sentences and paragraphs?Are the sentences clear and direct? Can they be understood on the first reading? Are the sentences varied in length and structure? Could any sentences be improved by combining or restructuring them? Are the words in the essay clear and precise? Does the essay maintain a consistent tone?Does the essay have an effective conclusionone that emphasizes the main idea and provides a sense of completeness? Once you have finished revising your essay, you can turn your attention to the finer details of editing and proofreading your work.